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Hannah Tatum Whitall Smith (February 7, 1832 – May 1, 1911) was a lay speaker and author in the Holiness movement in the United States and the Higher Life movement in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. She was also active in the Women's suffrage movement and the Temperance movement. ==Biography== Born in Philadelphia, Smith was from a long line of prominent and influential Quakers in New Jersey. Hannah Tatum Whitall was the daughter of John Mickle Whitall and Mary Tatum Whitall. Her most famous ancestor was Ann Cooper Whitall. On November 5, 1851 Hannah married Robert Pearsall Smith, a man who also descended from a long line of prominent Quakers in the region. The Smiths settled in Germantown, Pennsylvania. They disassociated themselves somewhat from the Quakers in 1858 after a conversion experience,〔http://www.whwomenclergy.org/article10.htm〕 but Mrs. Smith continued to believe a great deal of Quaker doctrine and gloried in her Quaker background and practices.〔("Hannah Whitall Smith, Higher Life Writer," in ''The Doctrine of Sanctification,'' Thomas Ross, Ph. D. Diss, Great Plains Baptist Divinity School )〕 The Smiths were highly influenced firstly by the Plymouth Brethren, and then by the Methodist revivalists. Out of influence from the Wesleyan doctrine of sanctification, and in accordance with Quaker teaching and influences from spiritualism, Mrs. Smith and her husband formulated and promulgated the Keswick theology.〔("Hannah Whitall Smith, Higher Life Writer," in ''The Doctrine of Sanctification,'' Thomas Ross, Ph. D. Diss, Great Plains Baptist Divinity School )〕 They were also influenced by William E. Boardman, who wrote ''The Higher Christian Life'' (1858). From 1864 to 1868 Robert and Hannah Smith lived in Millville, New Jersey. Robert managed Hannah’s father’s business, the Whitall, Tatum & Company glass factories.〔(Hannah Whitall Smith 1832 - 1911: Author, Evangelist ), Tentmaker.org. Accessed March 29, 2011. "From 1864 to 1868 Robert and Hannah Smith lived in Millville, New Jersey. Robert managed Hannah’s father’s business, the Whitall, Tatum, & Company glass factories."〕 William Boardman apparently groomed Robert and Hannah Smith to join the Holiness movement as speakers. From 1873–1874 they spoke at various places in England, including Oxford, teaching on the subjects of the "higher life" and "holiness," after a foundational meeting at the Broadlands Conference sponsored by the spiritualists Lord and Lady Mount-Temple.〔("Hannah Whitall Smith, Higher Life Writer," in ''The Doctrine of Sanctification,'' Thomas Ross, Ph. D. Diss, Great Plains Baptist Divinity School )〕 In 1874 Hannah helped found the Women’s Christian Temperance Union. That same year the Smiths traveled to the German Empire and Switzerland, where they preached in several major cities. In 1875, they returned to England and conducted meetings in Brighton. Due to a sexual scandal involving Robert, their visit to England came to an abrupt halt. Their marriage came under serious strain through Robert Smith's persistent adultery and Mrs. Smith's advocacy of strong feminist views of the role of women that were contrary to the patriarchal ideas dominant in their time.〔("Hannah Whitall Smith, Higher Life Writer," in ''The Doctrine of Sanctification,'' Thomas Ross, Ph. D. Diss, Great Plains Baptist Divinity School )〕 In 1888, the Smith family moved to England because their daughter Mary married an English barrister, Frank Costelloe. They eventually divorced, and Mary then married the critic Bernard Berenson. It was in England that Alys Pearsall Smith met and married the philosopher Bertrand Russell. Logan Pearsall Smith became an essayist and critic. Hannah Whitall Smith had seven children in all, but only three—Mary, Alys Pearsall, and Logan Pearsall—survived to adulthood. Her niece, Martha Carey Thomas was the first female dean of any college in America and an active Suffragist. Hannah Whitall Smith died in England in 1911. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hannah Whitall Smith」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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